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CYP2C9 catalyzes NADPH/O₂-dependent oxidation of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. It epoxidizes
polyunsaturated fatty acids and hydroxylates carbon-hydrogen bonds, notably converting cholesterol to
25-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol homeostasis regulator) and weakly metabolizing estrogens to catechol forms.
It also oxygenates plant monoterpenes (e.g., limonene to carveol/perillyl alcohol) and is a key enzyme in drug
metabolism, contributing to the pharmacokinetic variability of S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide,
and losartan.
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